medical

Anatomical References – Human body Systems – Organs

In this chapter will discuss Anatomical Planes, Extremities and Subdivisions, Positional Terms, Respiratory System, The Circulatory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Female Reproductive System, Male Reproductive System, Nervous System, Endocrine System, Musculoskeletal System, Major areas of the skeleton, Major Types Of Muscle and The Skin with its physical features all in complete detail.

Anatomical References / Human body Systems &  Organs

OBJECTIVES:

  • Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
  • Define anatomical position.
  • Identify and describe the three anatomical planes.
  • Identify the five regions of the human body.
  • List the five body cavities and the organs they contain.
  • Describe the location of a wound on a patient using anatomical references
  • List the body system and identify the main organ included in this system.
  • Name the four Abdominal quadrants.
  • Identify the main Internal organs located in each Abdominal quadrant.

Human Anatomy Sketch by pencil

1. Anatomical Position

Anatomical Position of BodyDefinition: Standing erect with arms down at the sides, palms facing forward. “Right” and “left” refers to the patient’s right and Left.

2. Conventional References

Conventional References of body

2.1 Anatomical Planes

The anatomical planes refer to imaginary planes that divide the body in two halves, in different orientations. Write in the descriptions of the three anatomical planes below:

  • Medial plane:

The median air plane also called  a mid-Sagittal atmosphere plane could be utilized to describe the Sagittal air plane as it bisects your  human anatomy upright by utilizing  the midline labeled by the navel, dividing the  body completely in left and side that’s right.

  • Transverse plane:

The transverse plane (also referred to as the horizontal plane, axial plane, or trans-axial plane) is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

  • Frontal plane:

The coronal plane ( frontal plane) see in (vertical) divides the human body in to dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) segments.

2.2 Extremities and Subdivisions

Proximal: Means close, or closer to the point of reference given. Distal: Means distant, or farther away from the point of reference given.

2.3 Positional Terms

Prone:
Supine:
Lateral recumbent or “recovery”:

Extremities and SubdivisionsExtremities and Divisions in human body

 

 

3. Body Regions

Extremities and Divisions in human body photosUpper Extremities and Lower Extremities

Body Regions

4. Body Cavities

Humans body cavities Images

5. Abdominal Quadrants and Organs

 

abdominal quadrants and organs of Human Body SketchOrgans in the mid line area:

Organs in the mid line area is lined with a membrane and includes the stomach, lower part of the esophagus, small and large intestinal tracts (except sigmoid and rectum), spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidneys and ureters.

Hollow abdominal organs:

The hollow abdominal organs have esophagus, small intestine, colon (large intestine), stomach.

Solid abdominal organs:

The solid organs include liver, adrenals, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, ovaries and uterus.

Location of kidneys:

The left kidney is situated slightly more superior than the right kidney because of to the larger size of the liver on the right side of the human body.

See also  Hemorrhage and Shock - Sign & Symptoms - Treatment

6. Body Systems

6.1 Respiratory System

The function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the body and to remove carbon dioxide from the body. Air passing into and out of the lungs is known as respiration. Breathing in is called inspiration or inhaling and breathing out is called expiration or exhaling. While breathing or or during the process of inspiration, the muscles of the thorax contract, moving the ribs outward and up. human respiratory systemThe diaphragm contracts and lowers. This process expands the chest cavity and causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation the opposite occurs. The muscles of the chest relax and cause the ribs to move inward. At this time, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up.

The respiratory system is made up of the organs that allow us to breathe. Air enters in through the nose and the mouth. The area behind the mouth and nose is called the pharynx which is divided into the oropharynx and the nasopharynx (windpipe). The trachea is the air passageway to the lungs. The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped structure that keeps foreign objects from entering the trachea during the swallowing process. The trachea splits into two bronchi. These air passages become smaller and smaller until they reach the alveoli, where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged with blood.

6.2 The Circulatory System

The circulatory system of the Human lungsThe cardiovascular system consists of the and.  The heart is a muscular organ, approximately the size of a fist, and is located in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum and between the lungs. The coronary arteries are special arteries that supply blood to the heart muscles themselves. The function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the body and to remove carbon dioxide from the body. Air passing into and out of the lungs is known as respiration.

Breathing in is called inspiration or inhaling and breathing out is called expiration or exhaling. While breathing or or during the process of inspiration, the muscles of the thorax contract, moving the ribs outward and up. The diaphragm contracts and lowers. This process expands the chest cavity and causes air to flow into the lungs. During exhalation the opposite occurs. The muscles of the chest relax and cause the ribs to move inward.

See also: EMS & MFR

At this time, the diaphragm relaxes and moves up. The function of the heart is to . The receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body through the arteries. The receives, from the veins, the blood that has circulated through the body and pumps it to the lungs to be oxygenated once again.

A system of one-way valves keeps the blood flowing in the right direction and prevents it from flowing backwards.

6.3 Digestive System

Digestive SystemThe system that is digestive of the alimentary tract (meals passageway) and extra organs. The primary function  of the digestive system is to consume food and get  rid of waste. Digestion is composed  of two procedures: mechanical and chemical.The mechanical process includes chewing, swallowing, the rhythmic movement of matter through the tract, and defecation (the
elimination of waste). The chemical process consists of breaking down food into simple components that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Excluding the mouth and the esophagus, the organs of the digestive system are in the abdomen. These organs include the stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine.

See also  EMS & MFR

6.4 Urinary System

Urinary System Photos of sketch human body
The system that is urinary and excretes waste from  the body. It is comprised of two kidneys and two ureters, one urinary bladder and one urethra. The ureters simply take urine through  the kidneys to the part that is next of system-the bladder. The bladder stores urine until its passed away through the urethra and is excreted through your  body.

6.5 Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive SystemThe reproductive system of the female consists of two ovaries, two fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina and external genitals.
The female reproductive system provides the egg (ovum) which is fertilized by the male’s sperm.

6.6 Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive SystemThe reproductive system of the male consists of two testes, the seminal duct, accessory glands, and the penis. The male reproductive system provides the sperm which fertilizes the female’s ovum.

6.7 Nervous System

Nervous System of Human BodyThe nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord and nerves. The nervous system has two major functions: communication and control. This system lets a person be aware of and react to the environment. It coordinates the body’s responses to stimuli and keeps body systems working together.
The stressed system has three main components: the central stressed system, the peripheral nervous system plus  the autonomic system that is nervous. The nervous  system comprises of the brain therefore  the spinal-cord. The peripheral system that is nervous of the nerves. The autonomic system that is nervous functions throughout the human anatomy.

6.8 Endocrine System

Endocrine SystemThe endocrine glands regulate the body by secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream. These glands affect physical strength, mental ability, stature, reproduction, hair growth, voice pitch, and behavior. The secretions from these tiny glands can affect how people think, act and feel. Each gland produces one or more hormones. Some of the glands in the endocrine system are the thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and the pituitary.

6.9 Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is made up of the skeleton and muscles. This system helps to give the body shape and to protect internal organs. Muscles also provide for movement.
The skeleton shapes the human body with its bony framework. The bone consists of living cells and nonliving matter. The nonliving matter contains calcium compounds that help make the bone hard and rigid. Without bones, the body would collapse. The skeleton is
held together mainly by ligaments, tendons and layers of muscle.
The three kinds of joints are immovable like the skull, slightly movable like the spine, and freely movable like the elbow or the knee.

Major areas of the skeleton

The skull has several broad, flat bones that form a hollow shell. The top, including the forehead, back, and sides of this shell make up the cranium.
The spine houses and protects the cord that is spinal. The spinal column is  the main supportive structure that is bony of body and consist  of 33 bones called vertebrae. The spine is divided in to five major sections: the cervical spine, the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, the sacrum and the coccyx.

See also  Oxygen Therapy - Indications - O2 Usage - Delivery - Nasal Cannula - CPR mask

The thorax, or rib cage, protects the heart and lungs – vital organs of the body. They are enclosed by 12 pairs of ribs and are attached at the back to the spine. The top 10 pairs are also attached in the front to the sternum, or breastbone. The lowest portion of the sternum is called the xiphoid process.
The pelvis, or hip bones, consists of the ilium, pubis, and ischium. Iliac crests from the “wings” of the pelvis. The pubis is the anterior portion of the pelvis. The ischium is the posterior portion. The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapulae (shoulder blades).
The upper extremities extend from the shoulders to the fingertips. The arm (shoulder to elbow) has one bone known as the humerus. The bones in the forearm (elbow to wrist) are the radius and the ulna.
The lower extremities extend from the hips to the toes. The bone in the thigh, or upper leg, is known as the femur. The bones in the lower leg (knee to ankle) are the tibia and fibula. The kneecap is called the patella.

Major Areas of the Skeleton

Musculoskeletal System

Major Types Of Muscle

Major Areas of the SkeletonSkeletal muscle, or voluntary muscle, makes possible all deliberate acts like walking and chewing.
Smooth muscle, or involuntary muscle, is made of longer fibers and is located in the walls of tubelike organs, ducts and blood vessels and forms much of the intestinal wall. A person has little or no control over this type of muscle.
Cardiac muscle makes up the walls of the heart. This muscle can stimulate itself into contraction, even when disconnected from the
brain.

6.10 The Skin

The skin protects the body from  the world that is outside. It also protects the deep cells from injury, drying out, and invasion by germs and other bodies that are foreign. The skin also helps to regulate the human anatomy temperature, aids in eliminating water and salts that are various and helps to avoid dehydration. The skin also acts as the receptor organ for touch, discomfort, heat, and cool.
The Skin
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, and contains cells that give it color. The dermis, or second layer, contains a vast network of blood vessels. The deepest layers of the skin contain hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, and sensory nerves. Just under the skin is a layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue.

Aroused Questions from this Chapter:

1. Define anatomical position

Ans: The position of a animal’s body at that the totality of its muscle groups have reached their stress that is cheapest. The place that is anatomical person standing erect, with feet dealing with ahead, the arms at  the sides, palms of the hands facing interior, and hands pointing along for individual beings.
2. Describe the location of a wound on a patient using anatomical references. Identify the approximate location of the injuries indicated by the circles. (Respond on the following page).

Ans:

3. List the Four regions of the human body on a skeletal model.

he skeletal system is composed of four primary fibrous and mineralized tissues that are conjunctive bones, ligaments, tendons, and joints. Bone: A rigid form of conjunctive tissue that is part of the skeletal system of vertebrates and it is composed mainly of calcium mineral.

4. List five cavities of the body and the organs they contain.

  1. Cranial cavity. Housing the human brain and the pituitary glad.
  2. Spinal cavity. Housing the spinal cord.
  3. Thoracic cavity. Housing the lungs.
  4. Abdominal cavity. Housing the major digestive organs.
  5. Pelvic cavity. Lodging the urinary and reproductive organs.

 

Leave a Comment